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Measurement of Fiberglass Gelcoat


Application: Measuring the thickness of gelcoat over fiberglass.

Background: Gelcoat is a hard polyester resin coating that is applied over structural fiberglass to provide a smooth, glossy protective surface that eliminates friction and improves appearance. It is most commonly used on fiberglass boat hulls and on bathroom fixtures such as sinks, tubs, and shower stalls. Manufacturers of fiberglass products need to measure gelcoat thickness to insure that it is within a specified range, and especially to detect situations where it is too thin because of insufficient application or shrinkage. Measurements typically involve a range of approximately 0.25 mm to 1 mm (0.010 in. to 0.040 in.), with most cases involving a nominal thickness of around 0.5 mm (0.020 in.).

Equipment: Gelcoat thickness can be measured with any Olympus precision thickness gages, including Models 38DL PLUS and 45MG with Single Element software option. The waveform display that is standard on the advanced Model 38DL PLUS and available on the 45MG as an option is very useful for establishing echo quality and verifying readings.

Gelcoat is normally measured with a delay line transducer. The most commonly recommended transducer is the Panametrics-NDT M208-RM (20 MHz, 0.125 in. element). In cases involving thick gelcoat, the M202-RM (10 MHz, 0.25 in. diameter element) can also be used.

Procedure: This is set up as a Mode 2 measurement (interface echo to first backwall echo). The primary challenge is that the inside surface of gelcoat is usually rough and irregular, conforming to the surface profile of the fiberglass, and because of this non-uniform geometry the quality of the echo from the gelcoat/fiberglass boundary often varies widely from point to point. The first echo from that boundary may not be the largest, phase distortion may appear to invert echoes, and in some cases roughness may drop reflected echo amplitude below the detectable minimum. Also, the gelcoat/fiberglass boundary echo is usually followed by several other peaks representing scatter noise from within the underlying fiberglass, which if detected will cause erroneously high readings.

Because manufacturers are usually most concerned about insuring that gelcoat meets a minimum thickness specification, the recommended procedure is to make several readings within a small area and record the minimum reading obtained. If a waveform display is available, then it is possible to verify whether the first returning echo (representing minimum gelcoat thickness) is being detected, by monitoring the waveform display as seen in the screen images below. If a Model 45MG is used without the waveform display option, it is particularly important to note the minimum reading within a local area. Any abrupt transition to a higher reading usually represents false detection caused by irregular echoes. As a general rule, gage gain should be set high to maximize the likelihood of detected the first returning echo. The "First Peak" detection mode that is available on most models is also useful in this application to help insure measurement of minimum thickness.


Optimal gelcoat reading - first peak detected


Inaccurate reading - first peak not detected due to low amplitude related to inside surface roughness

Note: Measurement of total fiberglass thickness
In many cases, the same gage that is used for gelcoat measurement can also be used to measure total wall thickness (gelcoat plus fiberglass) using a second transducer, usually an M1036 (2.25 MHz, 0.5 in. element, high sensitivity). The maximum measurable fiberglass thickness will typically be approximately 12.5 mm (0.5 in.). For thicker fiberglass, a high penetration (HP) gage is usually required.

Olympus IMS

Products Used for This Application

The 72DL PLUS™ advanced ultrasonic thickness gauge delivers precision thickness measurements at high speed in a portable, easy-to-use device. Compatible with single element transducers up to 125 MHz, this innovative instrument is ideally suited to measure the thickness of ultra-thin materials, including multilayer paint, coatings, and plastic. It can simultaneously display the thickness of up to 6 layers.

The handheld 45MG ultrasonic thickness gauge is packed with measurement features and software options. This unique instrument is compatible with the complete range of Olympus dual element and single element transducers, making this gauge an all-in-one solution for virtually every thickness gauge application.
The 38DL PLUS is an advanced ultrasonic thickness gauge. Uses dual element transducer for internal corrosion applications, and has features that include THRU-COAT technology and echo-to-echo. Uses single element transducers for very precise thickness measurements of thin, very thick, or multilayer materials.
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