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Portable XRF for Gold (Au) and Au Pathfinders for Mineral Exploration and Ore Body Vectoring


Olympus’ X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analyzers provide high-performance, real-time geochemical data for rapid multielement characterization of soil, rocks, and ores. Recent advances in XRF technology have increased the number of elements measured, improved the limits of detection, and reduced analysis test times.

Vanta™ XRF analyzers provide convenient and rapid measurement of many types of samples associated with Au exploration, within Au mines, Au mine labs, and refined Au products.

Benefits

  • Rapid indication of potential Au mineralization through XRF analysis of pathfinder elements in soil, drill cuttings, and drill cores
  • Priority sample selection, maximization of analytical budgets, and improved drill target generation by prescreening samples with XRF
  • Improved ore deposit understanding, modelling, and vectoring with less dilution and better Au recovery via XRF mapping of structural features and identification of mineralized and altered zones
  • Inexpensive and rapid rock typing by using XRF for lithogeochemistry

Portable XRF for Gold (Au) and Au Pathfinders for Mineral Exploration and Ore Body Vectoring

Deposit TypeGeochemical Signature
Orogenic Au S, As, CO2, K+/– Sb, Te, Mo, W, Cu, Pb, Zn, Hg
High Sulfidation Epithermal Ag, Cu, Te, Mo, Bi, Sn
Low Sulfidation Epithermal Zn, Hg, Se, K, As, Sb, Ag/Au
Carlin Type As, Sb, Hg, Tl
Porphyry Cu-Au Cu, Pb, Zn, Ag
Au Skarns Bi, Te, As, Co
Intrusive Related Au Bi, W, As, Sb, Mo, Te
VHMS Cu, Pb, Zn, Ag, Ba, K, Mg +/–CO2
Iron Oxide Cu-Au (U) F, P, Co, Ni, As, Mo, Ag, Ba, U, LREE
Supergene Au High fineness Au +/– any of the above

Associated Geochemical Signature of Au Deposits
Source: Reflex Geochemistry

Pathfinder and Alteration Geochemistry

Most Au deposits have an associated geochemical signature (as shown in the table above). The XRF analyzer can detect these geochemical signatures, enabling geologists to better understand the geological system in which they are working. Typical Au pathfinder elements include As, Cu, Pb, Zn, Sb, Bi, Ag, and W.

Typical XRF LODs for Common Au Pathfinder Elements with Vanta VMR GeoChem Model

Element LOD (ppm)* Element LOD (ppm)*
As 1 W 1
Cu 2 Bi 2
Pb 2 Sb 2
Zn 1 Ag 2

*120 s test time per beam, interference free SiO2 matrix; refer to Olympus LOD documents for further discussion on lower limits of detection (LODs)

XRF Analyzer for the Detection of Gold

It is common knowledge that handheld XRF analyzers do not support direct low level measurement of Au in geological samples (e.g., low ppm and ppb). The lab-based fire assay technique is commonly recognized as the method of choice for Au analysis. Au L-level X-ray lines are located in a very crowded area of the X-ray fluorescence energy spectrum. In this part of the spectrum, interference from other elements (e.g., As, Zn, W, and Se) can yield a false-positive Au determination.

Direct measurement of Au by XRF can be achieved in specific cases such as high-grade (> 5 ppm) quartz vein environments (relatively interference free) or within refined Au products (where Au is present in very high concentrations).

An increasing number of Au onsite mining laboratories are using XRF in place of, and as a supplement to, fire assays methods. Please refer to the Olympus Application Note “Use of Handheld XRF in Au Mine Laboratories.” Mines are also using Olympus handheld XRF analyzers for measuring Au in activated carbon. Please refer to the Olympus application note, "Measuring Gold in Activated Carbon."

Portable XRF for Gold (Au) and Au Pathfinders for Mineral Exploration and Ore Body VectoringPortable XRF for Gold (Au) and Au Pathfinders for Mineral Exploration and Ore Body Vectoring

Portable XRF for Gold (Au) and Au Pathfinders for Mineral Exploration and Ore Body VectoringPortable XRF for Gold (Au) and Au Pathfinders for Mineral Exploration and Ore Body Vectoring

Portable XRF for Gold (Au) and Au Pathfinders for Mineral Exploration and Ore Body VectoringPortable XRF for Gold (Au) and Au Pathfinders for Mineral Exploration and Ore Body Vectoring

Images taken from: Arne et al. (2014) – The use of property-scale pXRF data in gold exploration – advantages and limitations, Geochemistry: Exploration, Environment, Analysis.
Contor plots of As, Cu, and Pb in surface soil using field XRF compared with ICP analysis from Au exploration project in Canada.

Olympus IMS

Products Used for This Application
The Vanta™ handheld XRF analyzer series provides rapid, accurate elemental analysis and alloy ID in two powerful models. The Vanta Max analyzer offers the series’ highest analytical capabilities for robust applications, including mining exploration, mineral analysis, soil testing, and environmental analysis. The Vanta Core analyzer is the standard choice for fast alloy ID. Comfortable to hold, easy to use, and durable, the analyzers maximize efficiency in the field and lab.
Vanta handheld XRF analyzers for mining and geochemistry provide immediate on-site elemental analysis for geochemical exploration, mining grade control, ore processing, and remediation.
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